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September rebellierte die Bevölkerung gegen die Herrschaft des litauischen Präsidenten Antanas Smetona , doch wurde die Revolte schnell niedergeschlagen. Dänische Krone. Vilnius Vilnius Bzrk. Russischen Rubel. Finden Sie Ihren ganz persönlichen Dienstleister. Neue Firmensuche Firmensuche erweitern. Ukrainische Griwna.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree See Article History.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Many of the kingdoms are successor states to those of Ghana and Mali.
By the middle of the 18th century the descendants of the Moroccan conquerors, who had settled down in the Niger Bend cities as a ruling caste, the Arma, had become tributary to the desert pastoralists.
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While living quarters are progressively changing to adapt to a more sedentary lifestyle, Tuareg groups are well known for their nomadic architecture tents.
There are several documented styles, some covered with animal skin, some with mats. The style tends to vary by location or subgroup.
Current documentation suggests a negotiation of common practice in which a woman's tent is set up in the courtyard of her husband's house.
An old legend says the Tuareg once lived in grottoes, akazam , and they lived in foliage beds on the top acacia trees, tasagesaget.
Other kinds of traditional housing include: [ citation needed ] ahaket Tuareg goatskin red tent , tafala a shade made of millet sticks , akarban also called takabart temporary hut for winter , ategham summer hut , taghazamt adobe house for long stay , and ahaket a dome-shaped house made of mats for the dry season and square shaped roof with holes to prevent hot air.
It was curated by Tom Seligman, director of the center. He had first spent time with the Tuareg in when he traveled through the Sahara after serving in the Peace Corps.
The exhibition included crafted and adorned functional objects such as camel saddles, tents, bags, swords, amulets, cushions, dresses, earrings, spoons and drums.
Throughout history, the Tuareg were renowned and respected warriors. Their decline as a military might came with the introduction of firearms, weapons which the Tuareg did not possess.
The Tuareg warrior equipment consisted of a takoba sword , allagh lance and aghar shield made of antelope hide. Traditional Tuareg music has two major components: the monochord violin anzad played often during night parties and a small tambour covered with goatskin called tende , performed during camel and horse races, and other festivities.
Traditional songs called Asak and Tisiway poems are sung by women and men during feasts and social occasions. Another popular Tuareg musical genre is takamba , characteristic for its Afro percussions.
In the s rebel fighters founded Tinariwen , a Tuareg band that fuses electric guitars and indigenous musical styles.
Tinariwen is one of the best known and authentic Tuareg bands. Especially in areas that were cut off during the Tuareg rebellion e. Tuareg guitar groups that followed in their path include Group Inerane and Group Bombino.
The Niger-based band Etran Finatawa combines Tuareg and Wodaabe members, playing a combination of traditional instruments and electric guitars.
Many music groups emerged after the s cultural revival. The Desert Festival in Mali's Timbuktu provides one opportunity to see Tuareg culture and dance and hear their music.
Other festivals include:. Tuareg are distinguished in their native language as the Imouhar , meaning the free people [ citation needed ] ; the overlap of meaning has increased local cultural nationalism.
Many Tuareg today are either settled agriculturalists or nomadic cattle breeders, though there are also blacksmiths and caravan leaders.
The Tuareg are a pastoral people, having an economy based on livestock breeding, trading, and agriculture. Since Prehistoric times Tuareg peoples: the Garamantes have been organising caravans for trading across the Sahara desert.
These caravans used first oxen, horses and later camels as a means of transportation, here different types of caravans:. A contemporary variant is occurring in northern Niger, in a traditionally Tuareg territory that comprises most of the uranium-rich land of the country.
The central government in Niamey has shown itself unwilling to cede control of the highly profitable mining to indigenous clans. The French government has independently tried to defend a French firm, Areva, established in Niger for fifty years and now mining the massive Imouraren deposit.
Additional complaints against Areva are that it is: " It is undoubtedly an ecological catastrophe". During —, U. Some of these trainees are reported to have fought in the rebellion within the MNJ.
The goal of these Tuareg appears to be economic and political control of ancestral lands, rather than operating from religious and political ideologies.
Despite the Sahara's erratic and unpredictable rainfall patterns, the Tuareg have managed to survive in the hostile desert environment for centuries.
Over recent years however, depletion of water by the uranium exploitation process combined with the effects of climate change are threatening their ability to subsist.
Uranium mining has diminished and degraded Tuareg grazing lands. Not only does the mining industry produce radioactive waste that can contaminate crucial sources of ground water resulting in cancer, stillbirths, and genetic defects but it also uses up huge quantities of water in a region where water is already scarce.
This is exacerbated by the increased rate of desertification thought to be the result of global warming. Lack of water forces the Tuareg to compete with southern farming communities for scarce resources and this has led to tensions and clashes between these communities.
The precise levels of environmental and social impact of the mining industry have proved difficult to monitor due to governmental obstruction.
Y-Dna haplogroups , passed on exclusively through the paternal line, were found at the following frequencies in Tuaregs:. E1b1b is the most common paternal haplogroup among the Tuareg.
Most belong to its E1b1b1b E-M81 subclade, which is colloquially referred to as the Berber marker due to its prevalence among Mozabite , Middle Atlas , Kabyle and other Berber groups.
It reaches frequencies of up to percent in some parts of the Maghreb , and is dominated by its sub-clade E-M M81 is thought to have originated in North Africa up to years ago, but a single year-old branch MPF dominates Northern and Eastern Berbers.
Besides E1b1b, Pereira et al. This clade is today primarily found among Niger-Congo -speaking populations, which suggests that some Tuareg tribes in parts of Libya and Niger may have assimilated many persons of West African origin into their communities.
According to mtDNA analysis by Ottoni et al. This is the highest global frequency found so far of the maternal clade.
The haplogroup peaks among Berber populations. Pereira et al. This points to significant assimilation of local West African females into this community.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Tuareg. For other uses, see Tuareg disambiguation.
Extant Berber cofederation of the Sahara desert with a nomadic-pastoralist lifestyle. Further information: Azawad and Tin Hinan. See also: Kaocen revolt.
See also: Tuareg rebellions. Further information: Berber mythology. Bellah constitute the historic slave strata within Tuareg society. Main article: Tuareg languages.
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Prasse , pp. The Journal of African History. Museum Tusculanum. Minahan Rudolph Jr. Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition [2 volumes].
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